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Enfoque Psicológico: Experiências Vivenciadas por Mulheres Diagnosticadas com o Câncer de Mama

O câncer de mama é uma das doenças com maior incidência no Brasil. Os avanços aumentam de forma assustadora, e o impacto psicológico causado pelo câncer de mama traz significativa repercussão na vida da paciente. Nesse momento, é importante buscar conhecimento e compreensão, que possibilitem à mulher acometida com a doença entender seus medos e angústias, que podem interferir no seu tratamento terapêutico. Portanto, o câncer de mama precisa ser pensado em toda a sua amplitude. A mulher acometida por essa doença não tem apenas o seu corpo modificado, mas também a sua imagem corporal e diferentes aspectos da sua vida social e afetiva.

Ao receber o diagnóstico, a paciente pode desenvolver ansiedade, depressão e isolamento. Em um primeiro momento, surge a negação da doença, as indagações, dúvidas e incertezas relacionadas ao tratamento. Muitas vezes a doença passa a ser encarada como uma ação destruidora, sentida como um castigo, como uma punição, associando o câncer ao estigma morte; embora as experiências relacionadas ao câncer de mama tenham um âmbito muito individual, apresentando representações diferenciadas para cada mulher.

Diante de um cenário complexo, que pode apresentar episódios depressivos, ansiedade, dor e angústia, o processo psicoterapêutico deve buscar a conscientização, aceitação e auxiliar a paciente a manter o equilíbrio emocional e a qualidade de vida, possibilitando maior tranquilidade e apoio durante todo o processo de tratamento. Uma das questões que mais reflete na autoestima da paciente, frente ao câncer de mama, é saber que o seu corpo vai ser mutilado, a perda integral ou parcial da mama desequilibra o desempenho de função significativa, relacionada à amamentação; afeta a sua estética, gera fantasia e a intimidade afetiva sexual fica comprometida. O apoio do parceiro é muito importante. Essa mulher necessita da atenção e de se sentir desejada. O amadurecimento, cumplicidade e a confiança estabelecida no relacionamento contribuem para o processo terapêutico.

As intervenções psicológicas podem envolver desde ações de prevenção e diagnóstico precoce, até a descoberta do diagnóstico e tratamento. Isso porque os fatores de proteção que contribuem para a prevenção do câncer de mama são considerados comportamentos modificáveis. Ao longo e após o tratamento oncológico, os benefícios do tratamento psicológico para a paciente podem resultar em melhoria do autoconhecimento; no desenvolvimento da inteligência emocional; na construção de uma paz, principalmente com o passado; em desenvolver melhores relacionamentos pessoais; elevar a autoestima; desenvolver potencialidades e viabilizar melhor qualidade de vida nos diferentes contextos vivenciais.

É importante considerar que durante toda a vivência da paciente com o câncer, os sentimentos mudam muito. Há um aprendizado muito grande no sentido de buscar uma organização de sua vida, para saber o que vai ser feito para não perder o controle da situação.

O câncer de mama desestrutura a mulher no sentido de trazer para a sua convivência a incerteza da vida, a possibilidade de recorrência da doença e a incerteza sobre o sucesso do tratamento. Uma mulher com câncer busca durante as diferentes etapas de sua doença atribuir algum tipo de significado àquilo que está acontecendo com ela. Isso porque os sentimentos que são trazidos junto ao diagnóstico geralmente possuem natureza negativa.

A associação do câncer com sentimentos negativos, como expressão, raiva, tristeza, dor, culpa, medo, desespero, é comum, bem como a sensação de que as pessoas não entendem o sofrimento pelo qual está passando, o que aumenta a vivência de solidão.

As pacientes do câncer de mama que recebem atendimento psicológico conseguem desenvolver uma melhor compreensão de si mesmas e da situação, conseguindo desenvolver melhor capacidade de ajustamento à doença e maior gerenciamento das questões emocionais, o que contribui para o processo de cura.

Por Gledes Maria Machado Alves

Psicóloga – Especialista em Neuropsicologia e Neuropedagogia
Atuante na Clínica Reintegrar

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